Discretion And The Criminal Justice - 1327 Words

Research Paper: Discretion and the Criminal Justice Professional Jason Gaffney Saint Leo University Abstract The criminal justice system involve many elements. Some of the major components are the men and women who maintain these as Police Officers, Lawyers, Corrections Officers, and the Judges. For the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing more on Judges. Judges sit upon the bench of the courts and help to ensure that fairness is present during trials. A judge must also enforce court procedures and decide issues of law. Along with these proceedings a judge will have to use professional discretion, but when does the use of professional discretion cross ethical boundaries? During this paper we shall also address this question. Judge Roles Judges play a key part in overseeing and making decisions on some court room matters. Their duties also include adjudicator and negotiator. As an adjudicator, Judges must act as a neutral mediator between parties. They must make sure laws are upheld and that the accused receive a fair due process. As adjudicator they can use some level of professional discretion. Judges will also hear and review negotiators made between prosecutors and defense lawyers. These deals consist of bail circumstances, jail time, and plea deals. Judges interpret the laws, review evidence presented, and manage courtroom operations. Judges must remain impartial when making verdicts in the pursuit of justice. Judicial Ethics ToShow MoreRelatedDiscretion Of The Criminal Justice System1509 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion, undoubtedly plays a massive role and is implemented in various aspects of the system. But what is discretion? Discretion, as defined in Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, is merely the freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision. As significant part of the criminal justice system in Canada, being a police officers â€Å"involves the use of a significant amount of discretion† (McKillop Pfeifer, 2004) . Due to the portrayal of the police byRead MoreDiscretion in the Criminal Justice System1898 Words   |  8 PagesDiscretion In The Criminal Justice System Discretion is the eminence of once behavior or the way of speaking in order to avoid any offensive occurrence or speaking up any private issues or information in public. It is the self-determination for someone to choose or think what should be better to be done in particular circumstances. Especially for a judge, a public official or other private party has the authority to make decisions on any legal matters or other big official subjects. Thus, a personRead MorePolice Discretion And Criminal Justice1274 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion is a unclear term that has an appropriately vague explanation. It is stated as the decision-making ability given to police officers that permits them to determine if they want to engage in police procedure or just let someone go with a word of warning. How it seems in drill is altered from situation to situation. Police discretion is a extremely essential aspect in acts relating criminal justice. There has been a daily predicament regarding the enforcement of the law. DiscretionRead MoreDiscretion Within The Criminal Justice Process1667 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion in policing and the court system is a necessary and unavoidable facet of criminal justice work, yet it is still very controversial. Discretion exists when courtroom actors (police officers, attorneys, judges) have the flexibility to choose an appropriate response to a situation. Police discretion is defined as â€Å"The opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities† (Nowacki, 2015). This means that actors with a great deal of discretion at their disposalRead MoreThe Police Discretion And Criminal Justice System Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesReforming the Police Discretion Criminal justice system has three main subsystems: police, courts and corrections. Each subsystem has its particular duties, but they work together to meet the goals: doing justice, controlling crime and preventing crime (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2015). Although this system had been built for a long time ago, continuously, some of its policies need to be reconsidered and reformed to suit the society with various situations. One of the characteristics that exercisedRead MorePolice Discretion And The Criminal Justice System Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pages Police discretion is widely considered a vague term that has an appropriately vague definition. It is defined as the decision-making power afforded to police officers that allows these individuals to decide if they want to pursue police procedure or simply let someone off with a warning (Beckett, 2016). It is an important enforcement option in policing and plays a key role in our criminal justice system here in Canada. Examples of when discretion is used include: traffic violations, youth crimeRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the role of discretion in the criminal justice system. As a society we believe that offenders should be held accountable for their actions but also treated fairly in the criminal investigation, trial process and sentencing. As a result of this, the power of discretion, that is the ability to choose from a range of options, is granted to some authorities ensure some flexibility for decision making within the system, enabling a more holistic outcome for all parties involved. The issuesRead More Criminal Justice System Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesenforcement, namely enacting the law, police discretion, and assessment of criminal behavior. Different entities create and enact laws that are specific for the societies those laws represent. In the United States the criminal justice system is broken down into two models, the Consensus model and the Conflict model. The procedure of achieving justice is comprised on three basic levels: policing, justice, and corrections. The two models of criminal justice system are influenced by a plethora of factorsRead MoreThe Public Idea Of Discretion1220 Words   |  5 Pages(2011) describe the public idea of discretion as a very misunderstood aspect of police work, therefore making the public’s opinions of police operations negative in some circumstances. Abdullah and Wells (2011) also highlight Packers crime control model saying that â€Å"A crime control model places high value on efficiency in apprehending and punishing offenders† and â€Å"to operate efficiently the officers must act quickly†. A more concise definition of police discretion is viewed by many law enforcementRead MoreThe Four Goals Of The Criminal Justice System769 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice system was put into place for several reasons. There are four main goals of the criminal justice system that all work together to improve and maintain justice in society. The criminal justice system aims to protect society by preventing future crimes from happening and by keeping criminals from committing more crimes. Another goal of this system is to appropriately punish those who commit a crime after it’s been determined that a crime was committed. In addition to punishment

Gender Is Essential Dependent On Norms And Behavioral...

Gender is often characterized by masculine and feminine behaviors. Socially, such characteristics can be accepted however, when these characteristics violate the societal norms, is often rejected (Mallon). To start off, an individual may characterize gender via internal feelings of whether he or she is a male, female, or neither. Gender is essential dependent on norms and behavioral expectations. Knowing these expectations and norms, an individual is essentially able to portray and adopt into the gender role they best identify as (Mallon). According to Schrock et al., â€Å"sociologists appear to be coming to terms with how people ‘embody gender,’ which refers not only to how people use or mold the body to signify gender but also to how such†¦show more content†¦In Schrock et al. study, it showed that transgender used their body as a â€Å"resource for constructing the gender category of woman† and â€Å"enable/ limit how they can be culturally perceive d.† Overall, the study’s analysis suggests that there is a symbolized method to gender, which understands the body as socially constructed, subjectively experienced, and physically material (Schrock et al). The National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force accounted the housing discrimination and instability for transgender in Pennsylvania. The survey respondents experienced blatant housing discrimination, as well as housing instability, much of which appears to stem from the challenges they face in employment (Task Force and Transgender Equality). These data suggested: 10% were evicted, 15% were denied a home/apartment, 11% had become homeless because of their gender identity/expression, 25% had to find temporary space to stay/sleep, 25% had to move back in with family or friends and 36% reported owning their home compared to 67% of the general U.S. population (Task Force and Transgender Equality). The survey on harassment and dis crimination at school was also done. Those who expressed transgender identity or gender non-conformity while in grades K-12 reported alarming rates of harassment (74%), physical assault (23%) and sexual violence (9%) (Task Force and

Genres Of Literature Free Essays

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. We will write a custom essay sample on Genres Of Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction: Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another person’s life. An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss. How to cite Genres Of Literature, Papers

Use of Social Media in a Crisis Situation

Question: Discuss about the Use of Social Media in a Crisis Situation. Answer: Social Media is nothing but the technologies mediated by computer, which permit the sharing and creation of details, career interests, ideas and other forms of expression over the networks as well as virtual communities (Freberg, Palenchar and Veil 2013). Apart from that, it mainly utilize the mobile technologies, desktop computers and web-based technologies for creating highly communicative platforms with the help of which organizations, communities and individuals can easily modify, discuss, co-create and share the pre-made content or user-generated content posted online (Middleton, Middleton and Modafferi 2014). In this regard, this study mainly aims to shed light of the use or the implication of the social media in the crisis situation occurred in the organizations. In this paper, the utilization of the social media tolls for communication and crisis management will be analyzed. On the other hand, this study also provides the analysis why the social media websites should be incor porated in the successful implementation of the business communication plan. Moreover, this study also evaluates and illustrates the utilization of Social Media in a negative and positive way in a crisis situation occurred in the business organizations. Social media can be defined as the collective channels of online communication where the users can perform content-sharing, interaction, input as well as collaboration based on community. Social Media has become the integral part of life online as applications proliferate and social websites (Castillo, Mendoza and Poblete 2013). According to Freberg et al.( 2013), the social media is mainly utilized to the market products, connect to the current customers, promote brands as well as foster new business. Social Media is playing crucial roles in all the aspects and situations of business. It can also play a huge role in order to manage crisis obtained within a business organization (Oh, Agrawal and Rao 2013). Crisis management can simply be demonstrated as the process with the help of which a company deals with an unexpected and a disruptive event that threatens for harming the company, the general public or its stakeholders (Denef, Bayerl and Kaptein 2013). According to the given scena rio, the assistant manager faced a critical situation while he came to know that a man has entered his premises with a weapon. In this situation, social media activity has helped the assistant manager to create awareness among the interns, employees as well as the higher authorities. Use of social media as a communication medium in a crisis situation While many people think about the benefits of utilizing the social media for businesses, they think of the benefits of marketing on an immediate basis. The potential of the social media can be a wonderful and an effective tool for the businesses while an emergency or crisis erupts (Stefanidis, Crooks and Radzikowski 2013). The crisis can incorporate anything starting from the outage of a simple website to the negative publicity.At present, the internet technology is utilizing for the real time communication and it is providing lots of facilities in the area of the speed and risk management through the effective way of communication. Thus, the emergence of the social media can become the communication medium in such a crisis situation (Brown and Billings 2013). On the other hand, the social media permits an individual to be the key influence in the community (Oh, Agrawal and Rao 2013). Social media is important for t he reputation the organizations as the small as well as large businesses have utilized several social networks for responding to their customers. If the twitter is considered as an example, then it can be stated that the communication over Twitter happen in 140 character updates (Freberg et al. 2013). However, these tweets are searchable very easily by Twitter itself, Google and many other available applications of twitter. Twitter permits to have information sharing on an immediate basis with a broad reach and feedback possibilities. The business operations or the businesses can be followed on Twitter by anyone such as the competitors, potential customers as well as the regular customers (Denef, Bayerl and Kaptein 2013). Thus, it is very crucial for the organizations that they monitor the mentions over twitter regarding their services, products and brands in terms of responding swiftly to any negative circumstances (Subba and Bui 2017). In addition, if the example of Facebook or Yo uTube is considered then it can be seen that it would be another outlet for social media for aiming on supply of outstanding customer response. Apart from that, YouTube is the most renowned search engine for video and undoubtedly it is the fastest and the best way for sending out a public announcement while an organization requires for making a statement regarding an ongoing situation (Wendling, Radisch and Jacobzone 2013). With respect to these facts, social me can be considered as an effective way of communicate in the online business operations. Communicating with all the stakeholders in a real time manner can be done with the help of the social media platform. This platform is easily available and every can use it for communication. The information sending or sending any warning over a very short time period can be efficiently done with the help of the social media platform. Inclusion of social media in Business Communication Plan Social media generally plays a crucial role in the business communication plan. In addition, the role or the effectiveness of the social media in the business communication is actually regarding the establishment of the conversation with the consumers as well as clients of a particular business enterprise (Reuter, Heger and Pipek 2013). Therefore, organizations are utilizing social media successfully for building traffic, finding employees, creating a well-known and positive brand as well as driving sales. On the other hand, the social media can be leveraged for creating the wonderful and amazing masterpieces of marketing (Wendling, Radisch and Jacobzone 2013). The reputed as well as the renowned organizations such as Dell, Skittles and other enterprises have utilized and incorporated successfully the social media in their business communication plan for enhancing their brand, sales and the community around their products (Neu baum et al. 2014). The social media websites such as LinkedIn, Twitters, Facebook, YouTube and other websites are considered by the organizations for implementing an effective business communication (Stefanidis, Crooks and Radzikowski 2013). LinkedIn plays a vital role in implementing business communication plan in terms of joining the groups where the prospects and the custor of the individuals are resided as well as recruiting the new hires (Reuter, Heger and Pipek 2013). LinkedIn also conducts the market research and ask for the reviews or the testimonials in terms of implementing business communication plan. On the other hand, as a social media website, Facebook provides a great exposure, potential marketing platform for free, facilitates online discussions for gaining valuable inputs (Maresh-Fuehrer and Smith 2016). Moreover, Facebook helps in being connected with consumers in regards to the proper implementation of the business communication plan. In addition, in case of Twitt er, it is utilized as the medium of the internal communication in a business organization. Twitter is also significant for customer feedback or customer outreach (Brengarth and Mujkic 2016). It also plays a significant role in order to enhance the visibility and branding. Moreover, Twitter is also advantageous to support other online presence in regards to the establishment of significant business communication plan (Middleton, Middleton and Modafferi 2014). Furthermore, as a social media websites, Google+ helps the businesses in understanding the own statistics of those businesses over the web (Oh, Agrawal and Rao 2013). It also helps in controlling messaging process within a business communication and it also helps to integrate very easily with the other platform. Pinterest is another social media website that can help the organizations in terms of building proper and effective business communication plan (Hagar 2013). This is because; it is utilized for finding the ideas for the interests or projects of the businesses and acts as the personalized media platform. Moreover users can also browse the contents of others on the main page with the help of this social media website (Thompson and Ahmed 2016). Furthermore, the video search engine or YouTube and social media site for video calling service that is Skype are also capable of implementing effective business communication plan by cutting the cost of the business calls, minimizing the travel costs of business and providing potential branding tool (Castillo, Mendoza and Poblete 2013). The use of the social media platform in the business communication has both the positive and negative impact over the whole business operations. Social media has impacted the way dramatically for worse or for better through which the business people generally make their business conversation and keep in touch with each other and the world at large (Freberg, Palenchar and Veil 2013). It has also provided the businesses the means for communicating more for worse or better and in often more effectively crisis situation. As per the positive effects of social media, the business people can utilize the social media websites in the crisis situations in numerous ways. Social media has been also utilized for spreading effectively the significant safety information at the time of crisis (Middleton, Middleton and Modafferi 2014). It has driven the conventional business by surprise. The cost of utilizing the social media is less than the other conventional media (Thompson and Ahmed 2016). The young generation is the highest population who uses the social media platform for communication and other activities available in the platform. Therefore, communicating with the young generation target market can be done. Beside this, the same fact is negative for communication with older people as iit has been found that the older people are less interested in the social media. They prefer the conventional media for gathering knowledge or business communication (Wendling, Radisch and Jacobzone 2013). The social media platform is also very effective for developing chain market. It is a common trend of pople to choose a organization depending on the suggestion given by a friend or relative. The presence of the organizations in the social media, helps to grow the market by using the WOM (word of mouth) in the social media platform (Castillo, Mendoza and Poblete 2013 ) Social media also has had few negative influences at the time of the crisis occurrence. As per the negative impacts of social media utilization in crisis situation, many business organizations do not see the need for a continuous update in the real time (Oh, Agrawal and Rao 2013). The organization that is using the social media platform should be very active in the social media. This platform is utilized for communicating with the common people or the target market. Answering the queries in the social media from the management end is very important in this strategy (Denef, Bayerl and Kaptein 2013). The social business posts generally intend to be useful and helpful or for announcing the safety of the clients or customers of the businesses. Instead of that, the businesses sometimes also can reveal information unintentionally, which can endanger the benefit or the success factors of the businesses (Thompson and Ahmed 2016). Social media can also be the reason of the sensation of the co mmunication crisis in businesses. After conducting the entire study, it can easily be stated based on the analysis of the given scenario that the social media can effectively be utilized as the communication medium in the crisis situation. The overall study has successfully established a significant fact that the emergence of the social media can become the appropriate and essential communication medium in any sort of crisis situation. On the other hand, while implementing an exclusive and a helpful business communication system, the social media should be effectively and positively incorporated in the planning for business communication. It can also be stated from the entire analysis made in this study that the social media can be beneficial for creating the wonderful and amazing masterpieces of marketing. Apart from that, this study has also successfully portrayed the fact that Social Media can be utilized in both the negative and positive way in a crisis situation. References Brengarth, L.B. and Mujkic, E., 2016. WEB 2.0: How social media applications leverage nonprofit responses during a wildfire crisis.Computers in Human Behavior,54, pp.589-596. Brown, N.A. and Billings, A.C., 2013. Sports fans as crisis communicators on social media websites.Public Relations Review,39(1), pp.74-81. Castillo, C., Mendoza, M. and Poblete, B., 2013. Predicting information credibility in time-sensitive social media.Internet Research,23(5), pp.560-588. Denef, S., Bayerl, P.S. and Kaptein, N.A., 2013, April. Social media and the police: tweeting practices of british police forces during the August 2011 riots. Inproceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems(pp. 3471-3480). ACM. Freberg, K., Palenchar, M.J. and Veil, S.R., 2013. Managing and sharing H1N1 crisis information using social media bookmarking services.Public Relations Review,39(3), pp.178-184. Freberg, K., Saling, K., Vidoloff, K.G. and Eosco, G., 2013. Using value modeling to evaluate social media messages: The case of Hurricane Irene.Public Relations Review,39(3), pp.185-192. Hagar, C., 2013. Crisis informatics: Perspectives of trustis social media a mixed blessing?.iSchool Student Research Journal,2(2), p.2. Maresh-Fuehrer, M.M. and Smith, R., 2016. Social media mapping innovations for crisis prevention, response, and evaluation.Computers in Human Behavior,54, pp.620-629. Middleton, S.E., Middleton, L. and Modafferi, S., 2014. Real-time crisis mapping of natural disasters using social media.IEEE Intelligent Systems,29(2), pp.9-17. Neubaum, G., Rsner, L., Rosenthal-von der Ptten, A.M. and Krmer, N.C., 2014. Psychosocial functions of social media usage in a disaster situation: A multi-methodological approach.Computers in Human Behavior,34, pp.28-38. Oh, O., Agrawal, M. and Rao, H.R., 2013. Community intelligence and social media services: A rumor theoretic analysis of tweets during social crises.Mis Quarterly,37(2), pp.407-426. Reuter, C., Heger, O. and Pipek, V., 2013. Combining real and virtual volunteers through social media.Proc. ISCRAM, pp.780-790. Stefanidis, A., Crooks, A. and Radzikowski, J., 2013. Harvesting ambient geospatial information from social media feeds.GeoJournal,78(2), pp.319-338. Subba, R. and Bui, T., 2017, January. Online Convergence Behavior, Social Media Communications and Crisis Response: An Empirical Study of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Police Twitter Project. InProceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Thompson, S. and Ahmed, W., 2016. Twitter and crisis communication: an overview of tools for handling social media in real time.Impact of Social Sciences Blog. Wendling, C., Radisch, J. and Jacobzone, S., 2013. The use of social media in risk and crisis communication.

Nuclear Power Essays (877 words) - Nuclear Technology,

Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Most of the world's electricity is generated by either thermal or hydroelectric power plants. Thermal power plants use fuel to boil water which makes steam. The steam turns turbines that generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants use the great force of rushing water from a dam or a waterfall to turn the turbines. The majority of thermal power plants burn fossil fuels because thermal power plants are cheaper to maintain and have to meet less of the governments requirements compared to nuclear power plants. Fossil fuels are coal and oil. The downfall of using fossil fuels is that they are limited. Fossil fuels are developed from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Burning fossil fuels has other downfalls, too. All the burning that is required to turn the turbines releases much sulfur, nitrogen gases, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. The cleanest, cheapest, and least polluting power plant of the two types is the hydroelectric power plant. The main reason most countries use thermal versus the hydroelectric is because their countries don't have enough concentrated water to create enough energy to generate electricity. (World Book vol. 14, 586) Nuclear power plants generate only about eleven percent of the world's electricity. There are around 316 nuclear power plants in the world that create 213,000 megawatts of electricity. (INFOPEDIA) Radioactive, or nuclear, waste is the by-product of nuclear fission. Fission occurs when atoms' nucleus' split and cause a nuclear reaction. (General Information) When a free neutron splits a nucleus, energy is released along with free neutrons, fission fragments that give off beta rays, and gamma rays. A free neutron from the nucleus that just split splits another nucleus. This process continues on and is called a chain reaction. (World Book vol. 14, 588) The fission process is used to create heat, which boils water inside the nuclear reactor. The steam that boiling the water makes is used to turn turbines, which in turn, generate electricity. Fission happens inside a carefully monitored nuclear reactor, when being used in a nuclear power plant. The fission process that nuclear power plants use spends approximately 30,000 tons of highly radioactive waste a year. (General Information) In a nuclear power plant, Uranium is used as fuel to boil the water for the steam that makes the turbines turn. So, uranium is, in a sense, the coal of a coal-fired power plant. When fueling nuclear power plants, the uranium arrives as uranium-enriched pellets. These pellets are an equivalent to one ton of coal. The pellets are sealed in tubes that are made of a strong heat- and corrosion-resistant metal alloy. This metal alloy will protect people and the environment from the high levels of radiation that the uranium is giving off. The tubes are bundled together to make a fuel assembly. The assemblies are put inside the reactor to create heat that will boil the water. The fuel assemblies are used until they are depleted. A fuel assembly is depleted when it no longer givman, 15) A repository is a storage facility that stores high-level nuclear waste deep underground so the waste can not harm or effect people or the environment. (DOE's Yucca Mountain Studies) With the technology that we [humankind] have toady. Scientists believe it to be possible to make a repository somewhere. The guidelines of a repository are mainly if the geologic location will work out (i.e. will an earthquake be able to rupture it, will water be able to corrode the repositories outer wall.). To make sure that the repository would be able to stay unscathed for thousands of years, scientists in all areas of science are making predictions of what could happen over the time period. According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, a repository may pose no greater threat than unmined uranium from which the high-level waste was produced. (General Information) The repository the DOE is wanting to make has to be proven that it will still be isolated underground in 10,000. After this extensive time, the high-level waste should no longer be radioactive enough to harm the public health. (General Information) A rem is a unit scientist use to measure radiation exposure. Over a persons lifetime, they usually receive 7-14 rems of natural sources of radiation, such as cosmic rays and ultraviolet rays from the sun. On a single exposure of 5-75 rems, there are few to no noticeable symptoms. For someone to receive 75-200 rems of exposure, vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite would occur. Recovery would take a few weeks. If someone were to be exposed to more than 300 rems, severe changes in blood cells

Scale Insects and Mealybugs, Superfamily Coccoidea

Scale Insects and Mealybugs, Superfamily Coccoidea Scale insects and mealybugs are significant pests of many ornamental plants and orchard trees, and cost these industries millions of dollars each year. Many other insects and larger predators eat these tiny insects, so they do serve a purpose. Some scale insects cause the formation of galls. Learn the habits and traits of these interesting true bugs, which belong to the superfamily Coccoidea. What Do Scale Insects Look Like? Scale insects often go unnoticed, although they live on many common landscape and garden plants. Theyre small insects, usually just a few millimeters long. They tend to position themselves on the undersides of leaves or other plant parts, where they arent exposed to the elements. Scale insects are sexually dimorphic, meaning males and females  look entirely different from one another.   Adult females are usually somewhat round in shape, lack wings, and often lack legs as well. Males are winged, and look somewhat like winged aphids or small gnats. To identify scale insects, its often necessary to identify the host plant. Although largely considered pests, scale insects have been used in some surprisingly beneficial ways throughout history. The red pigment found in cactus-feeding cochineal scales is used to make a natural red dye for food, cosmetics, and textiles. Shellac is made from the secretions from coccids called lac scales. Scale insects and their waxy secretions have also been used in various cultures for making candles, for jewelry, and even for chewing gum. How Are Scale Insects Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HemipteraSuperfamily – Coccoidea There is still some disagreement on how scale insects should be classified and how the group should be organized.   Some authors rank the scale insects as a suborder rather than a superfamily. Family level classification is still very much in flux. Some taxonomists subdivide the scale insects into just 22 families, while others use as many as 45. Scale Insect Families of Interest: Margarodidae - giant coccids, ground pearlsOrtheziidae - ensign coccidsPseudococcidae - mealybugsEriococcidae - felt scalesDactylopiidae - cochineal insectsKermesidae - gall-like coccidsAclerdidae - grass scalesAsterolecaniidae - pit scalesLecanodiaspididae - false pit scalesCoccidae - soft scales, wax scales, and tortoise scalesKerriidae - lac scalesDiaspididae - armored scales What Do Scale Insects Eat? Scale insects feed on plants, using piercing mouthparts to suck the juices from their host plant. Most scale insect species are specialist feeders, requiring a particular plant or group of plants to meet their nutritional needs. The Life Cycle of Scale Insects Its difficult to generalize a description of the scale insect life cycle. Development varies greatly between scale insect families and species, and is even different for males and females of the same species. Within the Coccoidea, there are species that reproduce sexually, species that are parthenogenetic, and even some that are hermaphroditic. Most scale insects produce eggs, and the female often guards them while they develop. Scale insect nymphs, particular in the first instar, are typically mobile and are referred to as crawlers. The nymphs disperse, and eventually settle on the host plant to begin feeding. Adult females are usually immobile and remain in one location for their entire lifespan. How Scale Insects Defend Themselves Scale insects produce a waxy secretion that forms a cover (called a test) over their bodies. This coating can vary greatly from species to species. In some scale insects, the test looks like a powdery substance, while others produce long strands of wax. The test is often cryptic, helping the scale insect blend in with the host plant. This waxy coat performs several functions for the scale insect. It helps insulate it from temperature fluctuations, and also maintains the proper humidity around the insects body. The test also camouflages the scale insect from potential predators and parasitoids. Scale insects and mealybugs also excrete honeydew, a sugary liquid waste that is a by-product of eating plant sap. This sweet substance attracts ants. Honeydew-loving ants will sometimes protect the scale insects from predators to ensure their supply of sugar remains intact. Where Do Scale Insects Live? The superfamily Coccoidea is quite large, with more than 7,500 species known throughout the world. Roughly 1,100 species inhabit the U.S. and Canada. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.Superfamily Coccoidea – Scales and Mealybugs, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 9, 2016.Systematic Studies of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), by Nathaniel B. Hardy, University of California Davis, 2008.Scale Management Guidelines – UC IPM, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Accessed online February 9, 2016.ScaleNet: Scale Insects (Coccoidea) Database, USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed online February 9, 2016.Coccoidea, Tree of Life Web. Accessed online February 9, 2016.

Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Analysis - Essay Example There is an elastic demand for the industry products and services. Perfect elastic demand means that the responsiveness of the consumers towards a price change is high than the price changed. With the reduction in call rates and message rates, Celcom will register an increase in the number of consumers using this service. The elasticity of demand in Celcom Company will increase the demand of the company products services and products as compared to the other services and products offered in the telecommunication industry. The introduction of a new telecommunication service provider known as the U-mobile in the country has increased the number of close substitutes when it comes to provision of telecommunication products and services. The availability of the close substitutes has led to a greater elasticity of demand (Armstrong and Kotler 2010). The elasticity of demand in the Malaysian telecommunication industry has led to the adoption of price penetration strategy. The products of Celcom are highly differentiated from those of its competitors. That is, its products are highly customized to meet the customer demands. As part of its product differentiation, Celcom has reduced the cost per message from 50 cents to 25 cents and the cost of a call from 35 cents to 20 cents per minute. This has been done to fully differentiate its services from those of its potential competitors. Celcom has also differentiated its broadband network in a way which keeps up with the current technology in Malaysia. The broadband network has been differentiated in a way which makes it the fastest network in Malaysia compared to the networks provided by its competitors (Armstrong and Kotler 2010). Its network has been updated with the current technological advancements. The company also intends on launching a new differentiated product from those of its competitors. The U-verse will allow customers to pay their bills using the phone, book online hotel